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Advance unedited version

Distr.: General
25 March 2024
Original: English


Human Rights Council
Fifty-fifth session
26 February–5 April 2024
Agenda item 7
Human Rights situation in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories

Summary

After five months of military operations, Israel has destroyed Gaza. Over 30,000 Palestinians have been killed, including more than 13,000 children. Over 12,000 are presumed dead and 71,000 injured, many with life-changing mutilations. Seventy percent of residential areas have been destroyed. Eighty percent of the whole population has been forcibly displaced. Thousands of families have lost loved ones or have been wiped out. Many could not bury and mourn their relatives, forced instead to leave their bodies decomposing in homes, in the street or under the rubble. Thousands have been detained and systematically subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment. The incalculable collective trauma will be experienced for generations to come.

By analysing the patterns of violence and Israel’s policies in its onslaught on Gaza, this report concludes that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating Israel’s commission of genocide is met. One of the key findings is that Israel's executive and military leadership and soldiers have intentionally distorted jus in bello principles, subverting their protective functions, in an attempt to legitimize genocidal violence against the Palestinian people.





I. Introduction


II. Contextualizing genocide

A. Genocide as inherent to settler-colonialism

B. Palestine and the context of genocide


III. Legal Framework

A. Constitutive elements of genocide

B. State Responsibility and Individual Criminal Liability


IV. Genocidal Acts in Gaza

A. “Killing Members of the Group”

B. “Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group”

C. “Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part”


V. Genocidal Intent


VI. Humanitarian camouflage: distorting the laws of war to conceal genocidal intent

A. Human Shields and the logic of genocide

B. Turning Gaza as a whole into a ‘military objective’

C. Indiscriminate killing as “collateral damage”

D. Evacuations and safe zones

E. Medical Shielding


VII. Conclusions


VIII. Recommendations



Footnotes

page 2

[1] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israeloccupied-palestinian-territory-un-expertsdeplore-attacks-civilians#
      ;  :~:text=%E2%80%9CThis%20amounts%20to%20collective%20punishment,amounts%20to%20a%20war%20crime.%E2%80%9D
[2] https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F77%2F356&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False para 4
[3] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9
[4] https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties
[5] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-communityprevent-genocide-against
[6] https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/statement-of-scholars-7-october/ Scholars
[7] https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=40224&t_ref=26858&lan=en, https://www.icjcij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240208-pre-01-00-en.pdf;
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoQeOsgs0Dc; https://au.int/ar/node/43236
[8] https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240111-ora-01-00-bi.pdf
[9] Ibid, Preliminary-Measures-Judgement, 26 January 2024, para. 54
[10] Ibid, paras. 77-86
[11] Ibid, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240112-ora-01-00-bi.pdf 12 January 2024, paras. 6, 37;
       https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Hamas-Israel Conflict 2023 - Some Factual and Legal Aspects - Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2 NOV 2023).pdf

page 3

[12] Mohamed Adhikari, ed., Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies (London: Routledge, 2019), p. 13
[13] Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, (The Lawbook Exchange: 2008), p. 92
[14] Ibid, p. 79
[15] Penny Green et al., Countdown to Annhilation: Genocide in Myanmar, (London: 2015)
[16] Alexander Laban Hinton, "The Dark Side of Modernity: Toward an Anthropology of Genocide", in Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide, ed. Alexander Laban Hinton (University of California Press, 2002), pp. 1-40
[17] Lorenzo Veracini, “Settler Collective, Founding Violence and Disavowal: The Settler Colonial Situation”, Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 29, no. 4 (2008), p. 369
[18] Patrick Wolfe, "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native," Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 8, no. 4 (2006), p. 402
[19] Lemkin, Axis Rule (footnote13), p. 92; Pauline Wakeham, “The Slow Violence of Settler Colonialism,” Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 24, no. 3 (2022), pp. 340-346.
[20] Gregory H. Stanton, The Ten Stages of Genocide, Genocide Watch (1996).
[21] Rashid Khalidi, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine (New York, Metropolitan Books, 2020).
[22] Cited in Uri Davis, "Palestine into Israel”, Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 3, no. 1 (Autumn, 1973), p. 89
[23] Salman Abu-Sitta, The Palestinian Nakba 1948: The Register of Depopulated Localities in Palestine (The Palestinian Return Centre, 2000), ch. 15; Minorities at Risk Project, Chronology for Palestinians in Jordan, (2004)

page 4

[24] http://www.undocs.org/A/77/35 (2022)
[25] https://badil.org/phocadownloadpap/badil-new/publications/research/working-papers/FT-CoerciveEnvironments.pdf (2017)
[26] http://www.undocs.org/A/HRC/53/59 paras. 80, 95
[27] Ibid, para. 82
[28] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/08/israel
[29] Nicola Perugini, “Settler-Colonial Inversions: Israel’s ‘disengagement’ and the Gush Katif ‘Museum of Expulsion’ in Jerusalem”, Settler-Colonial Studies, vol. 9.1 (2019), pp. 44-45; Smotrich,
       https://hashiloach.org.il/israels-decisive-plan/; see https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/otzmacandidate-ben-gvir-calls-to-return-to-gush-katif-584665
[30] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-set-retake-power-head-far-right-government-2022-12-29/. See also Jewish Nation-State Basic Law of 19 July 2018
[31] M. Cherif Bassiouni, “International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes”, Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 59, no. 4 (1996), p. 68; A/CN.4/L.960/Add.1 (2022), conclusions 5, 17.
[32] William Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes (Cambridge: 2009), p.395; A/CN.4/L.960/Add.1 (2022), conclusions 3, 17.
[33] Convention, article III
[34] https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocitycrimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf, article IX; and
      https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf (1998), article 6
[35] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/statute-international-tribunalprosecution-persons-responsible (1993);
      http://www.undocs.org/S/RES/955(1994) (1994); Prosecutor v. Blagojević and Jokić, IT-02-60-T ICTY, Judgement, 17 January 2005;
      Prosecutor v. Brdjanin, IT-99-36-T ICTY, Judgement, 01 September 2004; Prosecutor v. Krstić, IT-98-33-T ICTY, Judgement, 02 August 2001; Prosecutor v. Jelisić, IT-95-10-T ICTY, Judgement, 14 December 1999
[36] Prosecutor v. Popović et al., IT-05-88-A ICTY, Appeal-Judgement, 30 January 2015; Prosecutor v. Karadžić, IT-95-5/18-T ICTY, Judgement, 24 March 2016;
      Prosecutor v. Mladic, IT-09-92-T ICTY, Judgement, 22 November 2017; Prosecutor v. Tolimir, IT-05-88/2-A ICTY, Appeal-Judgement, 08 April 2015

page 5

[37] Convention, article II
[38] Ibid; Rome Statute, article 6
[39] Kai Ambos, "What Does ‘Intent to Destroy’ in Genocide Mean?", International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 91, no. 876 (2009), p. 834
[40] ICJ, Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro, Judgment (2007), paras. 187-188
[41] Prosecutor v. Kupreskic et al., IT-95-16-T ICTY, Judgement, 14 January 2000, para. 636
[42] https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2023/11/Declaration Expert William Schabas_w.pdf 11 January 24, para. 16
[43] Bosnia v. Serbia (footnote 40), para. 373
[44] ICJ, Croatia v. Serbia, Judgment (2015), para. 148
[45] Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32), p. 177
[46] Ibid., pp. 177, 192, 195-197; A-G Israel v. Eichmann (1968), para. 196
[47] ICJ, Gambia v. Myanmar, Joint Declaration of Intervention of Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (2023), paras. 44-47;
    ICJ, Bosnia v. Serbia, ProvisionalMeasures-Judgement, 1993, Judge-Lauterpacht, para. 123; and Judgment (2007), para. 190;
    Prosecutor v. Karadžić and Mladić, IT-95-5-R61 ICTY, Review-of-Indictments, 16 July 1996, para. 94;
    Prosecutor v. Krstić, IT-98-33-A ICTY, Appeal Judgement, 19 April 2004, para. 31 -33
[48] Gambia v. Myanmar (footnote 47), para. 72-74; IT-98-33-A, paras. 31-33

page 6

[49] Rome Statute, article 6
[50] Convention, article IV
[51] Convention, article III; Rome Statute, article 25
[52] Prosecutor v. Popovic et al., IT-05-88-T ICTY, Judgement, 10 June 2010, para. 1178; IT-98-33-T, para. 595; Ambos, "What Does ‘Intent to Destroy’ in Genocide Mean?” (footnote 39), p. 841
[53] http://www.undocs.org/A/RES/56/83 (2002), article 4; Bosnia v. Serbia (footnote 40), paras. 384, 385-386, 396-400
[54] Prosecutor v. Kambanda, ICTR-97-23-S, Judgment, 04 September 1998, para.39 (ix); Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32), pp. 177–178.
[55] ICC, Elements of Crimes, (2013), p. 113; Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, IT-97-25-T, Judgement, 15 March 2002, para. 326; Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32), p. 180
[56] https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-86-situation-gaza-strip-and-westbank-including-east-Jerusalem
[57] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/13/palestine-gaza-west-bank-nakba-displacementisrael-catastrophe/
      https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombinggaza/
      https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-selectbombing-targets
[58] https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/; Omar Yusef Shehabi and Asaf Lubin, “Algorithms of War: Military AI and the War in Gaza”, Articles of War, 24 January 2024
[59] https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/12/14/israel-unguided-dumb-bombs-gaza/
[60] https://edition.cnn.com/gaza-israel-big-bombs/index.html;
      https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html

page 7

[61] https://www.savethechildren.org.au/media/media-releases/gaza-10000-children-killed-in-nearly-100-days-of
[62] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72;
      https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/
[63] https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unlawful-killings-in-gaza-city-ohchr-press-release/
      https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israeli-strikes-kill-civilians-sheltering-in-northern-gaza-asassault-on-hamas-intensifies.
[64] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-22;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-45;
      https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombingof-safe-routes
[65] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-145
[66] https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-has-killed-over-7000-terrorists-no-deadline-forgaza-war-national-security-adviser/ 09 December 2023;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilitiesgaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-63
[67] https://www.wfp.org/news/preventing-famine-and-deadly-disease-outbreaks-gaza-requires-fastersafer-aid-access-and-more
[68] https://gaza-projections.org/
[69] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MJFBaUXvYU&ab_channel=MiddleEastEye 06 December 2023;
      https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/the-war-on-hospitals/ 20 December 2023;
      https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/Sitrep_-_issue_22.pdf?ua=1 30 January 2024
[70] https://gaza-projections.org/
[71] IT-98-33-T, para. 513; Prosecutor v. Krajišnik, IT-00-39-T ICTY, Judgement, 27 September 2006, para. 862
[72] Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32), pp. 182, 184
[73] Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR-96-4-T, Judgement, 02 September 1998, para. 503
[74] Ibid., para.731; Prosecutor v. Stakic, IT-97-24-T ICTY, Judgement, 31 July 2003, para. 516; IT-95-5-R61, para. 93
[75] ICTR-96-4-T, para. 503; A-G Israel v. Eichmann (footnote 46), para. 199
[76] ICTY-98-33-T, para. 513
[77] Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32) p. 182

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[78] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/03/un-experts-condemn-flour-massacre-urge-israelend-campaign-starvation-gaza
[79] https://www.adalah.org/uploads/uploads/Submission_SR_Torture_final-15.2.24.pdf
[80] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/israelopt-un-experts-appalled-reported-humanrights-violations-against;
      https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/world/middleeast/israel-gazapalestinian-detainees.html;
      https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/urgently-investigateinhumane-treatment-and-enforced-disappearance-of-palestinians-detainees-from-gaza;
      IT-09-92-T, para. 634-691, 835-838, 3451; IT-05-88-T, para. 1097, 1120, 1122, 1177
[81] https://www.msf.org/no-safe-place-gaza-people-are-crushed-continuous-bombing;
      https://amnesty.ca/human-rights-news/israel-opt-identifying-the-israeli-armys-use-of-whitephosphorus-in-gaza/;
      https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/white-phosphorus
[82] https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145332;
      https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/risk-ofdisease-spread-soars-in-gaza-as-health-facilities-water-and-sanitation-systems-disrupted.html;
      https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-more-10-children-day-lose-limb-three-months-brutalconflict
[83] https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145017
[84] IT-98-33-T, para 596
[85] https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15564.doc.htm
[86] https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/10/this-israel-war-has-no-mercy-gaza-civil-rescuers-say
[87] https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegationsintl-cmd/index.html
[88] https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/22337.html;
      https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinianterritory/un-human-rights-office-opt-disturbing-reports-north-gaza-mass-detentions-ill-treatment-andenforced-disappearances-possibly-thousands-palestinians;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-73;
      https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2024/01/gaza-report-ground
[89] https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/30/middleeast/famine-looms-in-gaza-israel-war-intl/index.html
[90] https://www.savethechildren.net/news/children-s-mental-health-gaza-pushed-beyond-breaking-pointafter-nearly-month-siege-and
[91] By January there were 17,000 unaccompanied children, see https://www.unicef.org/sop/reports/unicef-state-palestine-escalation-humanitarian-situation-report-no17
[92] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/29/gaza-children-wcnsf-orphans/
[93] Gambia v. Myanmar (footnote 47), para. 39

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[94] Convention, article II(c); Rome Statute, article 6; ICTR-96-4-T, paras. 505–506
[95] ICTR-96-4-T, paras 505–506; Prosecutor v Rutaganda, ICTR-96-3-T, Judgement 06 December 1999 para 52
[96] IT-97-24-T, para. 517
[97] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542
[98] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-70
[99] https://www.conflict-damage.org/; https://unosat.org/products/3793
[100] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-145;
      https://librarianswithpalestine.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/LAP-Gaza-Report-2024.pdf
[101] https://www.ica.org/statement-of-the-international-council-on-archives-on-the-destruction-of-thecentral-archives-of-the-municipality-of-gaza/;
      https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed
[102] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-107
[103] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbPdR3E4hCk 09 October 2023
[104] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/12/no-power-water-or-fuel-to-gaza-until-hostagesfreed-says-israeli-minister 12 October 2023
[105] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/israel-must-stop-using-water-weapon-war-un-expert
[106] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-108
[107] https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-andisrael-flash-update-108
[108] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/gaza-un-expert-condemns-unrelenting-war-healthsystem-amid-airstrikes;
      https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2024/01/middleeast/gaza-hospitalsdestruction-investigation-intl-cmd
[109] https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/destruction-of-medical-infrastructure-in-gaza;
      https://x.com/UNOCHA/status/1719305737782878629?s=20;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-17;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-24

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[110] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-28;
      https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/07/gaza-israeli-ambulance-strike-apparently-unlawful;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-45;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-119
[111] https://www.who.int/news/item/18-11-2023-who-leads-very-high-risk-joint-humanitarian-mission-toal-shifa-hospital-in-gaza
[112] https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/destruction-of-medical-infrastructure-in-gaza;
      https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/us/politics/gaza-hospitals-cancer-israel.html;
      https://shifa.forensic-architecture.org/; https://indonesian.alhaq.org/;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-121
[113] https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/14/gaza-unlawful-israeli-hospital-strikes-worsen-health-crisis;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-36;
      https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/WHO_Sitrep_13.pdf?ua=1 ;
      https://indonesian.alhaq.org/; https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flashupdate-115;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-87
[114] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-128
[115] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-73;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-121;
      https://x.com/HCWWatch/status/1750365056728965214?s=20;
      https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-doctor-describes-ordeal-detention-2024-02-04/
      -:~:text=He%20described%20having%20his%20hands,and%20with%20loud%20music%20blaring.;
      https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68513408
[116] https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143497;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gazastrip-and-israel-flash-update-34;
      https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/03/gaza-prematurebabies-dead-nasr/
[117] Mohammed Qandil, “Gaza: providing emergency care under fire”, Emergency Medicine Journal (9 February 2024)
[118] https://unosat.org/products/3792; https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-usedweapon-war-gaza
[119] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-115;
      https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-125
[120] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-15
[121] https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145557;
      https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/howisraels-inspection-process-is-obstructing-aid-delivery;
      https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/01/middleeast/gaza-aid-israel-restrictions-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html
[122] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-43
[123] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/states-must-reinstate-and-strengthen-support-unrwaamid-unfolding-genocide
[124] https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Nov2023_Feb2024.pdf

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[125] https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/30/middleeast/famine-looms-in-gaza-israel-war-intl/index.html
[126] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-129;
      https://mondoweiss.net/2024/03/un-expert-israel-is-engineering-famine-in-gaza/
[127] https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-un-humanrights-office-strongly-deplores-killing-least-112-palestinians-during-food-aid-distribution-gaza-cityenar
[128] https://reliefweb.int/attachments/a4b1eefa-3717-4407-8101-bba6df81f488/Health WASH - Advocacy note on public health catastrophe - Final.pdf
[129] Ibid.
[130] Gambia v. Myanmar (footnote 47), paras. 40, 42
[131] https://www.unicef.org/mena/press-releases/intensifying-conflict-malnutrition-and-disease-gaza-stripcreates-deadly-cycle;
      https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-time-running-out-reports-emergingchildren-dying-due-lack-food-save-children;
      https://twitter.com/AJEnglish/status/1761601918344790340
[132] https://www.wfp.org/news/preventing-famine-and-deadly-disease-outbreaks-gaza-requires-fastersafer-aid-access-and-more
[133] https://www.who.int/news/item/03-11-2023-women-and-newborns-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-conflictin-gaza-un-agencies-warn;
      https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/01/birth-and-death-intertwined-gazastrip; https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145677
[134] https://twitter.com/CARE/status/1748007265754312767
[135] See ICTR-96-4-T, para. 505-506
[136] https://www.ynet.co.il/yedioth/article/yokra13625377 10 October 2023;
      https://balfourproject.org/thehamas-attack-and-israels-war-on-gaza-a-place-where-no-human-being-can-exist/, 24 November 2023
[137] Prosecutor v. Jelisic, IT-95-10-A ICTY, Appeal Judgement, 05 July 2001, para. 46
[138] IT-98-33-A, para. 34; IT-99-36-T, para. 704-706
[139] IT-98-33-T, para 549; Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32), pp. 242–243, 250–255
[140] IT-95-10-A, para.48; Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana, ICTR-95-1 -T, Judgment, 21 May 1999, para. 94, 276; Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32), pp. 245–250, 265

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[141] IT-95-10-A, para. 47; IT-98-33-A, para. 27, 34-35; T-05-88-T, para. 1178;
      https://ccrjustice.org/israel-s-unfolding-crime-genocide-palestinian-people-us-failure-prevent-andcomplicity-genocide
[142] ICC (footnote 55), pp. 6-8
[143] Bosnia v. Serbia (footnote 40), para. 373; ICTR-95-1-T, para. 93
[144] ICTR-96-4-T, para. 118, 478, 579-580; Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32), p. 248
[145] Prosecutor v. Muhimana, ICTR-95-1B-T, Judgement, 28 April 2005, para. 498; Prosecutor v. Gacumbitsi, ICTR-2001-64-T, Judgement, 17 June 2004, para.253; ICTR-95-1-T, para. 93;
      Prosecutor v. Seromba, ICTR-01-66-A, Appeal Judgement, 12 March 2008, para. 176
[146] http://www.undocs.org/A/HRC/39/64 (2018), para. 85 refers to “broader oppressive context and hate rhetoric;
      specific utterances of commanders and direct perpetrators;
      exclusionary policies, including to alter the demographic composition…and the extreme scale and brutality of the violence committed”; ICTR-95-1B-T, para. 496
[147] Penny Green and Tony Ward, State Crime: Governments, Violence and Corruption (London: Pluto Press, 2004); Raz Segal, “A Textbook Case of Genocide”, Jewish Currents (13 October 2023).
[148] ICTR-95-1-T, para. 93; Prosecutor v. Bagilishe ma, ICTR-95-1A-T, Judgement, 07 June 2001, para. 63
[149] Croatia v. Serbia (footnote 44), para. 148; Bosnia v. Serbia (footnote 40), para. 373
[150] https://law4palestine.org/law-for-palestine-releases-database-with-500-instances-of-israeliincitement-to-genocide-continuously-updated/
[151] https://www.itv.com/news/2023-10-13/israeli-president-says-gazans-could-have-risen-up-to-fighthamas 13 October 2023
[152] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIPkoDk6isc 28 October 2023
[153] https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/christmas-message-from-pm-netanyahu-24-dec-2023 24 December 2023
[154] Holy Bible 1 Samuel 15:3
[155] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbPdR3E4hCk 09 October 2023
[156] https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/gallant-israel-moving-to-full-offense-gaza-will-neverreturn-to-what-it-was/ 10 October 2023

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[157] https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-24/briefings-by-idf-spokesperson-rear-admiraldaniel-hagari/october-press-briefings/press-briefing-by-idf-spokesperson-rear-admiral-daniel-hagarioctober-10th-morning/ 10 October 2023
[158] https://twitter.com/hahauenstein/status/1723441134221869453 11 November 2023
[159] https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/far-right-minister-nuking-gaza-is-an-optionpopulation-should-go-to-ireland-or-deserts/ 5 November 2023
[160] https://twitter.com/YehudaShaul/status/1714301964886917631 17 October 2023
[161] https://law4palestine.org/law-for-palestine-releases-database-with-500-instances-of-israeliincitement-to-genocide-continuously-updated/
[162] Prosecutor v. Muvunyi, ICTR-2000-55A-T, Judgement, 12 September 2006, paras. 502-505;
      Prosecutor v. Kajelijeli, ICTR-98-44A-T, Judgment,01 December 2003, paras. 851 -852; see also
      https://www.hrw.org/reports/ictr0110webwcover.pdf 2010, p. 64-66, 69-70
[163] https://ccrjustice.org/genocide-palestinian-people-international-law-and-human-rights-perspective;
      Nurit Peled-Elhanan, Palestine in Israeli School Books: Ideology and Propaganda in Education (London: I.B. Taurus, 2012), p.162; see also
      http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/16/the-language-being-used-to-describepalestinians-is-genocidal
[164] https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-dozens-israeli-rabbis-endorse-bombinghospitals-enemies 01 November 2023;
      https://twitter.com/RavOuryCherki/status/1719713406050066491 01 November 2023
[165] https://x.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1732639958664356223?s=20 07 December 2023;
      https://x.com/jeremyscahill/status/1737489631199850519?s=20 20/12/2023;
      https://x.com/YehudaShaul/status/1714301988358283769?s=20 17 October 2023;
      https://twitter.com/dverthaim/status/1710684531114602891 07 October 2023
[166] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bnhWYJh8-I. 20 November 2023;
      https://twitter.com/gilmishali/status/1710653974397780392?s=46&t=JaT3Sau_. 07 October 2023;
      https://twitter.com/YehudaShaul/status/1739641280462815611 26 December 2023
[167] https://www.phr.org.il/en/physicians-call-eng/ 06 November 2023
[168] https://www.instagram.com/middleeasteye/reel/C1elfQ7Nqeh/ 30 December 2023;
      https://x.com/PalestineChron/status/1737491845679128918?s=20 20 December 2023
[169] IT-09-92-T, para. 3435; ICJ, South Africa v. Israel (footnote. 8), para. 20-29
[170] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-02-04/ty-article/.premium/israeli-armyits-admits-staff-was-behind-graphic-gaza-telegram-channel/0000018d-70b4-dd6e-a98df4b6a9c00000, 04 February 2024
[171] Ibid.; https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/world/middleeast/israel-idf-soldiers-war-social-mediavideo.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare&fbclid=IwAR1KvmIOixGQNbtAkJRPgU2Y7XyctR5lMWjOxQc6T6la5ODfYWyUT7lBFsA_aem_Aa7puefGHHUwoZuhoXZnJDZJzbGn8LuFsBZh4hLnUDtJN0lcdK2sacwGZKrJ7dGj0HI;%20and%20
      https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-02-04/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-its-admits-staff-wasbehind-graphic-gaza-telegram-channel/0000018d-70b4-dd6e-a98d-f4b6a9c00000, 06 November 2023

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[172] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb_oBSAZjDs 08 December 2023
[173] https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/world/middleeast/israel-idf-soldiers-war-social-mediavideo.html?smid=nytcore-iosshare&referringSource=articleShare&fbclid=IwAR1KvmIO%20%20ixGQNbtAkJRPgU2Y7XyctR5lMWjOxQc6T6la5ODfYWyUT7lBFsA_aem_Aa7puefGHHUwoZuhoXZnJDZJzbGn8LuFsBZh4hLnUDtJN0lcdK2sacwGZKrJ7dGj0HI;%20and%20
      https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/securityaviation/2024-02-04/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-its-admits-staff-was-behind-graphic-gazatelegram-channel/0000018d-70b4-dd6e-a98d-f4b6a9c00000
[174] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb_oBSAZjDs, 08 December 2023
[175] https://twitter.com/1717Bazz/status/1712176168823107986 11 October 2023;
      https://twitter.com/MiddleEastEye/status/1712918166437806294 13 October 2023;
      https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231228-israeli-soldier-says-he-possibly-killed-a-12-year-oldgirl/ 28 December 2023
[176] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-09/ty-article-magazine/.premium/growing-number-ofidf-soldiers-are-documenting-and-posting-their-own-abuse-of-palestinians/0000018b-ae60-dea2-a9bffefe96070000 09 November 2023
[177] https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/1737593767752860117 20 December 2023
[178] https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/world/middleeast/israel-idf-soldiers-war-social-mediavideo.html?smid=nytcore-iosshare&referringSource=articleShare&fbclid=IwAR1KvmIO%20%20ixGQNbtAkJRPgU2Y7XyctR5lMWjOxQc6T6la5ODfYWyUT7lBFsA_aem_Aa7puefGHHUwoZuhoXZnJDZJzbGn8LuFsBZh4hLnUDtJN0lcdK2sacwGZKrJ7dGj0HI;%20and%20
      https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/securityaviation/2024-02-04/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-its-admits-staff-was-behind-graphic-gazatelegram-channel/0000018d-70b4-dd6e-a98d-f4b6a9c00000, 06 February 2024
[179] Ibid.
[180] https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/pm-netanyahu-meets-with-romanian-pm-marcel-ciolacu-17-oct-2023 17 October 2023
[181] https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/opinion/isaac-herzog-israel-hamasgaza.html?partner=slack&smid=sl-share 03 November 2023
[182] https://twitter.com/Isaac_Herzog/status/1713661051986678189?s=20 15 October 2023
[183] Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 55–57, 75
[184] AP-I, articles 48, 51, 52 and 57; Customary IHL, rules 1, 7, 14-15
[185] https://law4palestine.org/law-for-palestine-releases-database-with-500-instances-of-israeliincitement-to-genocide-continuously-updated/

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[186] Customary IHL, rule 12; Luigi Daniele, “A lethal misconception, in Gaza and beyond: disguising indiscriminate attacks as potentially proportionate in discourses on the laws of war”, EJIL: Talk!, blog of European Journal of International Law, 7 November 2023.
[187] Bosnia v. Serbia (footnote 40), para. 373; Croatia v. Serbia (footnote 44), para. 148; ICTR-96-4-T, paras. 579-581; ICTR-95-1-T, para. 93-94; Schabas, Genocide in International Law (footnote 32), p.248
[188] Customary IHL, rule 97; GCIII, article 23(1); GCIV, article 28; AP-I, articles 12 and 51(7)
[189] Rome Statute, article 8 (2) (b) (xxiii)
[190] AP-I, article 51
[191] Ibid, article 51(8)
[192] https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/015/2009/en/
[193] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/269218659472400384?s=20;
        https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/11/gaza-child-killed-nothing-changed
[194] https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/07/israelgaza-conflict-questions-and-answers/; Neve Gordon and Nicola Perugini, “The politics of human shielding: On the resignification of space and the constitution of civilians as shields in liberal wars”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 34 (2016), pp. 168, 182–183
[195] https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/23/gaza-israels-may-airstrikes-high-rises
[196] https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/2022-10/GazaOffensive.pdf?VersionId=f4O59c6Vn1FMnx5KvdJbnqVxAhXVvhVR -:~:text=On%205%20August%202022%2C%20Israel,five%20children%20at%20a%20cemetery
[197] Neve Gordon and Nicola Perugini. Human Shields, A History of People in the Line of Fire (University of California Press, 2020), pp. 214–216
[198] http://www.undocs.org/A/HRC/12/48 (2009), paras. 449–452
[199] https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/2022-10/GazaOffensive.pdf?VersionId=f4O59c6Vn1FMnx5KvdJbnqVxAhXVvhVR -:~:text=On%205%20August%202022%2C%20Israel,five%20children%20at%20a%20cemetery;
        https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/08/13/white-flag-deaths/killings-palestinian-civilians-duringoperation-cast-lead

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[200] Law For Palestine, Submission to the ICC [Forthcoming]
[201] http://www.undocs.org/A/HRC/12/48 (2009), paras. 449–452;
        https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/2022-10/GazaOffensive.pdf?VersionId=f4O59c6Vn1FMnx5KvdJbnqVxAhXVvhVR -:~:text=On%205%20August%202022%2C%20Israel,five%20children%20at%20a%20cemetery
[202] https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Israel-Hamas Conflict 2023 - FAQs (Israel MFA, 6.12.23).pdf: FAQs, pp. 2–3
[203] https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/president-herzog-reveals-hamas-captive-taking-handbook-15-oct-2023;
        https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/10/18/remarks-bypresident-biden-and-prime-minister-benjamin-netanyahu-of-israel-before-expanded-bilateralmeeting-tel-aviv-israel/;
        https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/1swordsofiron151023;
        https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-24/briefings-by-idf-spokesperson-rear-admiraldaniel-hagari/october-press-briefings/press-briefing-by-idf-spokesperson-rear-admiral-daniel-hagarioctober-10th-evening/
[204] https://www.gv.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Hamas-Israel Conflict 2023
        - Some Factual and Legal Aspects - Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2 NOV 2023).pdf: :Key Legal Aspects, 02 November 2023, p. 7, 9
[205] Ibid, p. 2
[206] Stéphanie Bouchié de Belle, “Chained to Cannons or Wearing Targets on Their T-shirts: Human Shields in International Humanitarian Law”, ICRC, vol. 90, no. 872 (2008), pp. 899-905
[207] Ibid., pp. 890-898; R. Geiß and J. G. Devaney, “Zealots, Victims and Captives: Maintaining Adequate Protection of Human Shields in Contemporary International Humanitarian Law”, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, vol. 47 (2017), p. 11.
[208] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/20/war-crime-israel-bombs-gaza-church-shelteringdisplaced-people
        - :~:text=War%20on%20Gaza-,Israel%20bombs%20Greek%20Orthodox%20Gaza%20church%20sheltering%20displaced%20people,%27large%20number%27%20of%20people.
[209] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1727059761466650632?s=20
[210] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1725683576522334603?s=20
[211] https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-photos-hamas-gaza-weapons-un-facilities-including-schools/,08/11/2023;
        https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1724002788810600946?s=20
[212] https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/academia-gaza-has-been-destroyed-israeli-educide
[213] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1725455901824323697?s=20

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[214] Gordon & Perugini (footnote 197), pp.159–169; https://blogs.icrc.org/law-andpolicy/2021/11/18/proximate-human-shields/
[215] Elyse Semerdjian, “A World Without Civilians”, Journal of Genocide Research, 24 January 2024, p.3
[216] AP-I, article 52 (2); Customary IHL, rule 8.
[217] https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Israel-Hamas Conflict 2023 - FAQs (Israel MFA, 6.12.23).pdf: FAQs, pp. 2, 9.
[218] Ibid., p. 9
[219] https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Israel-Hamas Conflict 2023 - FAQs (Israel MFA, 6.12.23).pdf: FAQs p.14;
        https://www.maariv.co.il/breaking-news/Article-1044157 admitted neighbourhoods attacked“on a large scale and not in a surgical manner”;
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-APSXZy9UI
[220] Declared previously, e.g. https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1393553534218604552?s=20;
        https://www.justsecurity.org/76657/the-idfs-unlawful-attack-on-al-jalaa-tower/
[221] https://www.israeldefense.co.il/node/37949
[222] https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/
[223] Ibid
[224] https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0587-october-25-2023/
[225] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/27/gaza-before-and-after-satellite-images-showdestruction-after-israeli-airstrikes

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[226] https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html
[227] https://www.ft.com/content/7b407c2e-8149-4d83-be01-72dcae8aee7b
[228] Daniele, “A lethal misconception” (footnote 186).
[229] https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Israel-Hamas Conflict 2023 - FAQs (Israel MFA, 6.12.23).pdf: FAQs, pp. 4, 11–13.
[230] https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Hamas-Israel Conflict 2023 - Some Factual and Legal Aspects - Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2 NOV 2023).pdf
        ::Key Legal Aspects, 02 November 2023, pp. 10.
[231] https://ig.ft.com/gaza-damage/:~:text=The%20bombardments%20have%20destroyed%20livelihoods,flattened%20or%20suffered%20heavy%20damage
[232] https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0783-october-31-2023/
[233] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1717840051491541077
[234] https://airwars.org/civilian-casualties/ispt0783-october-31-2023/
[235] https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/10/31/wolf-idf-spokesperson-gaza-refugee-camp-airstrikereaction-vpx.cnn,
[236] Daniele, “A lethal misconception” (footnote 186).
[237] https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attackswipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/

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[238] https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Hamas-Israel Conflict 2023 - Some Factual and Legal Aspects - Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2 NOV 2023).pdf
        ::Key Legal Aspects, 02 November 2023, p. 10.
[239] https://www.justsecurity.org/90789/israels-rewriting-of-the-law-of-war/3
[240] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jb1krYLPLZI; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yRl-ccD3w;
        https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/1723784790682358189. While such arguments have been tempered over time
        (see https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Israel-Hamas Conflict 2023 - FAQs (Israel MFA, 6.12.23).pdf: FAQs, p.11-12), action on the ground has remained ruthless;
        see, among others, the attacks on the Gaza police while assisting food delivery in northern Gaza,
        https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/22/gaza-aid-deliveries-looting-police-hamas/
[241] Luigi Daniele, “Incidentally Capsized”, Oxford Journal of Conflict and Security Law, vol. 29, no. 1, forthcoming.
[242] API, article 58(1).
[243] GCIII, article 49.
[244] Ibid.
[245] https://mezan.org/en/post/46293; https://mezan.org/en/post/46287 - :~:text=Al%20Mezan%20Center%20for%20Human,Transfer%2C%20Urgent%20Intervention%20is %20Needed
[246] https://x.com/AvichayAdraee/status/1712846493747495223?s=20;
        https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-urges-palestinians-to-leave-northern-gaza-strip-by-8-p-m/
[247] https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/15/world/middleeast/israel-gaza.html
[248] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67327079

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[249] https://content.forensic-architecture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/HumanitarianViolence_Report_FA.pdf07/03/2024, sections 6.1.2 and 6.1.3
[250] https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/1/6/safe-zones-israels-technologies-of-genocide
[251] https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-24/war-on-hamas-2023-resources/the-idf-continuesthe-effort-to-move-the-residents-of-the-gaza/;
        https://www.mezan.org/uploads/files/2024/1/17096645765 november.jpeg
[252] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/08/israeli-soldiers-idf-gaza-fighting-disasterarea?CMP=share_btn_tw;
        https://www.mezan.org/uploads/files/2024/1/1709664576signal-2023-10-22-030620_002.jpeg
[253] Hague Regulations (1907), article 26; AP-I, article 57(2)(c). The term used in these provisions is ‘advance warning’; see Bosnia v. Serbia (footnote 40), para.373.
[254] https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/WHO_oPt_Sitrep_6s.pdf
[255] https://www.who.int/news/item/14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northerngaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured
[256] https://edition.cnn.com/gaza-israel-big-bombs/index.html
[257] Ibid; https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html
[258] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-34;
        https://sheltercluster.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/public/docs/gsc_opt_gaza strip_damage affected areas_27october2023_a1.pdf?VersionId=bTM7V0miJzKDudKwJL8Dvy1Kdt2uy4kZ;
        https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/22044.html
[259] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-22
[260] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-45
[261] https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-01-22/25000-deaths-in-gaza-why-the-destruction-ofthis-war-exceeds-that-of-other-major-conflicts.html?outputType=amp
[262] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-8;
        https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombingof-safe-routes;
        https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updatesrcna120252

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[263] https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/pauses-corridors-and-safe-zones-gazarhetoric-vs-reality;
        https://www.ft.com/content/95c5fcf1 -c756-415f-85b8-1e4bbff24736
[264] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35;
        https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-46;
        https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-50;
        https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-105;
        https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/22452.html
[265] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-53
[266] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/02/israeli-grid-system-makes-life-in-gaza-macabregame-of-battleships-say-aid-workers
[267] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67630489
[268] https://www.savethechildren.net/news/complete-communication-blackout-four-days-and-countingmakes-aid-distribution-gazanear
        :~:text=Gaza%2C%2017%20December%202023%20%2D%20The,Rafah%2C%20says%20Save%20the%20Children.;
        https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/18/middleeast/gaza-communications-blackout-one-week-israelhamas-intl/index.html
[269] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-ground-forces-operating-across-gaza-stripoffensive-builds-2023-12-04/
[270] Ibid; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlGmwCMETMs
[271] https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-26-2023-698c895797ccb057d13fe4f68690c98b?taid=658b24eaca93ff0001d4103d&utm_campaign=TrueAnthem&utm_medium=AP&utm_source=Twitter;
        https://www.savethechildren.org/us/about-us/mediaand-news/2024-press-releases/gaza-mostly-children-killed-by-israeli-airstrikes-near-almawasi
        :~:text=4%2C%202024)%E2%80%94Fourteen%20people,aid%20agency%20Save%20the%20Children;
        https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/israelopt-fresh-evidence-probable-war-crimesisraeli-attacks-rafah;
        https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/06/middleeast/palestinians-trapped-rafahisraeli-offensive-intl/index.html;
        https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-strikes-rafahrefugee-camp-22-killed-local-health-officials-say-2024-02-12/
[272] South Africa v. Israel (footnote 8), para.86.
[273] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-129
[274] https://www.nrc.no/news/2024/february/gaza-israels-military-operation-in-rafah-would-be-fatal-fordisplaced-civilians-and-humanitarian-aid/
[275] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-101?_gl=1*11oo43s*_ga*MTExMzc0OTEwNC4xNzA3ODMyMTQ0*_ga_E60ZNX2F68*MTcwOTQwMDA0OC42LjEuMTcwOTQwMTEyNi42MC4wLjA.
[276] https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/assessment-israeli-material-icj-jan-2024

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[277] https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/geopolitics/article/15002089;
        https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/liveblog-netanyahu-reportedly-pushes-for-voluntary-migration-from-gaza-16382395
[278] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-minister-calls-voluntary-emigration-gazans-2023-11-14/;
        https://www.timesofisrael.com/smotrich-doubles-down-on-resettlement-of-gazans-rejectingus-criticism/
[279] https://www.timesofisrael.com/ministers-call-for-resettling-gazas-palestinians-building-settlementsin-strip/ 01 January 2024
[280] https://www.timesofisrael.com/intelligence-ministry-concept-paper-proposes-transferring-gazans-toegypts-sinai/
[281] https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid036UqRhgJTnem4PTjwWbfen66cwCGAP4zDQsMhcwuWE7PQ5fMJAeEwpaSYyhnR95Cbl&id=100050298347371&paipv=0
        &eav=AfaYuQI6JO9t5f79-OwyTkll4XyPbjoOR76oXREbhs_jTghukglHzjJy9kKH7cIrHWo&_rdr;
        https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-west-should-welcome-gaza-refugees-asylum-seekers-hamasterrorism-displacement-5d2b5890;
        https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-in-talks-with-congo-andother-countries-on-gaza-voluntary-migration-plan/;
        https://twitter.com/israeltrnsltd/status/1741891754196901934
[282] https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-in-talks-with-congo-and-other-countries-on-gaza-voluntarymigration-plan/;
        https://twitter.com/israeltrnsltd/status/1741891754196901934
[283] https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/israeli-cabinet-minister-says-war-will-lead-to-emigrationfrom-gaza_uk_659fa54de4b0fbd2bc05cc78 11 January 2024
[284] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-28/ty-article/ministers-from-netanyahus-party-jointhousands-of-israelis-at-resettle-gaza-conference/0000018d-512f-dfdc-a5ad-db7f35e10000
[285] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8nyroIlXlM
[286] Nicola Perugini and Neve Gordon, “Medical Lawfare.” Journal of Palestine Studies. Spring 2024, forthcoming.
[287] Ibid; https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/destruction-of-medical-infrastructure-in-gaza 20/12/2023;
        https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Israel-Hamas Conflict 2023 - FAQs (Israel MFA, 6.12.23).pdf: FAQs, 06/12/2023, p. 2, 9, 13, 14.
[288] AP-I, articles 13(1) and 52(3); GCI, article 21; GCIV, articles 18 and 19; AP-II 2, article 11(2).
[289] GCIV, articles 18-19; AP-I, article 12(4).
[290] Hagari, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ggBF9rnBe0

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[291] https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-operations-in-hospitals/
[292] Neve Gordon and Nicola Perugini, “‘Hospital Shields’ and the Limits of International Law”, EJIL 30, no. 2 (May 2019), p. 43.
[293] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-hamas-hiding-tunnels-operationscentres-gaza-hospital-2023-10-27/
[294] https://shifa.forensic-architecture.org/; https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-andisrael-flash-update-16
[295] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1718010359397634252?s=20
[296] https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/swords-of-iron-faq-6-dec-2023/en/English_Documents_Hamas-Israel Conflict 2023
        - Some Factual and Legal Aspects - Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2 NOV 2023).pdf: :Key Legal Aspects, p. 9
[297] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/12/control-of-al-shifa-hospital-in-gaza-is-a-key-israelimilitary-and-political-aim
[298] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67462615
[299] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/too-close-too-cold-premature-babies-grave-peril-gazasal-shifa-hospital-2023-11-13/
[300] Figures provided by WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region 24 February 2024
[301] https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/WHO_Sitrep_13.pdf?ua=1
[302] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/21/al-shifa-hospital-gaza-hamas-israel/;
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlBtJhI1fIw; https://forensicarchitecture.org/investigation/assessment-israeli-material-icj-jan-2024
[303] https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-18-23/h_1d70c190adde686e6a2b59e963499e82
[304] https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/truth-or-fake/20231116-idf-claims-to-find-list-of-hamasnames-but-it-s-the-days-of-the-week-in-arabic
[305] https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/palestine/WHO_Sitrep_13.pdf?ua=1
[306] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-40
[307] https://gaza-projections.org/ p. 10

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[308] Perugini and Gordon, “Medical Lawfare” (footnote 286)
[309] http://www.undocs.org/a/RES/56/83 (2002), article 31


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